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In and , the hard-drinking Mustafa Kemal fought against the Italians in Libya. By this time, the aging empire had lost almost all of its territory in Europe and Africa.
Moreover, the so-called Young Turk Revolution of had stripped autocratic powers from the sultan and ushered in an era of parliamentary government. In Mustafa Kemal distinguished himself throughout the nearly yearlong Gallipoli Peninsula campaign, in which he helped stop a large force of British and French troops from taking Istanbul. He was soon promoted from colonel to brigadier-general and sent to fight in eastern Turkey, Syria and Palestine.
An estimated 1. Under a punitive postwar peace treaty signed in August , the Allied powers stripped all Arab provinces from the Ottoman Empire, provided for an independent Armenia and an autonomous Kurdistan, put the Greeks in charge of a region surrounding Smyrna now Izmir and asserted economic control over what little country remained. However, Mustafa Kemal had already organized an independence movement based in Ankara, the goal of which was to end foreign occupation of the Turkish-speaking areas and to stop them from being partitioned.
With the help of money and weapons from Soviet Russia, his troops crushed the Armenians in the east and forced the French and Italians to withdraw from the south. He then turned his attention to the Greeks, who had wreaked havoc on the Turkish population during their march to within 50 miles of Ankara. The following August, they launched an offensive that broke the Greek lines and sent them into a full-scale retreat all the way back to Smyrna on the Mediterranean Sea. A fire soon broke out in Smyrna, which, along with looting and rampaging Turkish soldiers, claimed the lives of thousands of Greek and Armenian residents.
Roughly , additional Greeks and Armenians were forced to evacuate on nearby Allied warships, never to return. Mustafa Kemal next threatened to attack Istanbul, which was being occupied by the British and other Allied powers. Fearful for his life, the last Ottoman sultan fled his palace in a British ambulance. A new peace treaty was then signed in July that recognized an independent Turkish state.
Even before he became president, Greece agreed to send some , Muslims to Turkey in exchange for over 1 million Greek Orthodox practitioners. Remembered your password? Back to login. Already have an account? Login here. Spend another RM Mustapha Kamal's rise from humble beginnings to become one of the best known property developers in Malaysia today is inspirational. He worked very hard to make the most of the opportunities given to him, enabling him to build a successful property development firm and contribute to the development of the nation.
This book is not just a chronicle of his journey in life thus far. It is also about the lessons he learnt about life and work along the way. From the books that inspired him to work ethics that stand the test of time and life lessons that help one move forward, this book aims to inspire people to be the best they can be. Most of all, this book shows his human side: the dutiful son and brother, the loving husband, father and grandfather, the demanding but caring boss, and a devout Muslim who tries to live his life as his religion intended him to.
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